Large Scale Infrastructure Challenges Questions

Awareness of engineering and operational challenges at massive scale including global network optimization, multi region failover and redundancy, integration of cloud and on premise systems, security and compliance at scale, performance and latency for a global user base, cost optimization across large fleets, and maintaining reliability without exponential operational complexity. Candidates should demonstrate thinking about architecture patterns, trade offs, monitoring and incident response at scale, and strategies for evolving platform capabilities as load and feature sets grow.

MediumSystem Design

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Design a backup and restore strategy for a distributed object store holding 5 PB of data across regions with an RPO of 1 hour and RTO of 6 hours. Discuss snapshotting cadence, incremental replication, transfer bandwidth planning, restore verification, and ways to test restores regularly without impacting production.

HardSystem Design

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Design a testable disaster recovery (DR) system that supports automated full failover drills for critical services including synthetic verification tests and data integrity checks. Describe how to schedule drills, isolate test traffic from production, automate validation, and handle rollback after failed tests while minimizing customer impact and meeting compliance requirements.

EasyTechnical

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Explain the CAP theorem and how its trade-offs apply when designing a globally replicated user profile service. Give a concrete architecture choice for favoring consistency and one for favoring availability, and describe the user-visible impacts and failure modes for each choice.

HardTechnical

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Design a global configuration management system that enables safe configuration rollouts with canarying, validation hooks, fast rollback, and no single point of failure. Explain the consistency guarantees (push vs pull), how to bootstrap new regions, and how to handle network partitions during a rollout.

EasyTechnical

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Describe the role of an API gateway in a multi-region deployment. Which gateway features (SSL termination, routing, authentication, rate limiting, circuit breaking, observability) are most critical to ensure reliability and low latency globally, and how would you architect redundancy for the gateway itself?

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